Abbreviations
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General Directions
The individual excipients are arranged alphabetically. The most customary spelling in scientific literature was chosen. An arrow (▸) means, that the following word is discussed in another section. Registered trademarks (®, TM) are omitted in the encyclopedia for the sake of clarity. This does not mean in any case that the appropriate word is available for common use. Temperature is given in degree Celcius (25° = 25℃) as far as not otherwise denoted.
Abbreviations
For reasons of expediency several abbreviations are listed in the text and explained there.
° | ℃, Centigrade degrees, Celcius degrees |
|---|---|
a | anno = year |
Å | Angström = 10–7 mm |
AAS | atom absorption spectrometry |
ACS | American Chemical Society |
ADI | acceptable daily intake |
ad lib | ad libitum |
aq. | aqua = water |
A.P. | American patent |
APHA | American Public Health Association (color numbers) |
at | atmosphere (tecn.), unit of pressure, 1 at = 1 kp/cm2 |
atm | atmosphere (physical.), unit of pressure, 1 atm = 1.033 kp/cm2 |
AcV | acetyl value |
AV | acid value |
bar | unit of pressure, 1 bar = 105 Pa |
BET | method for measuring surface area according to Brunauer, Emmett and Teller |
BGA | previous name of the German drug regulatory agency |
BIS | Bibra Information Services (toxicity profiles) |
bp | boiling point |
BP | British Pharmacopeia |
BPC | British Pharmaceutical Codex |
cal | 1 calorie = 4.1868 J |
CAS | Chemical Abstracts Service Number |
CG | cosmetic grade |
C.I. | Colour Index (EU) |
Cosmetic Ingredient Review | |
cKs | in the US occasionally taken for cSt |
Cod Franc | Franc Codex Français |
comp. | composition |
cP | centiPoise (mPa∙s) |
CPMP | Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products of the EMEA |
cSt | centiStoke |
CFTA | Cosmetic, Toiletry, and Fragrance Association |
d | density |
dç | relative density |
d | dies = day |
d | dose |
DAB | German Pharmacopoeia (Deutsches Arzneibuch) |
DAC | German Drug Codex (Deutscher Arzneimittel Codex) |
DAS | published examined German patent application (Deutsche Auslegeschrift) |
DBP | German federal patent (Deutsches Bundespatent) |
DGF | German society for fat science (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Fettwissenschaft) |
dil. | dilutus = diluted |
DIN | German institute for standardization (Deutsches Institut für Normung) |
DL | dosis letalis |
DLM | dosis letalis minima |
DRP | former German patent (Deutsches Reichspatent) |
E. | Engler grades, viscosimetry |
EC | European Community |
EINECS | |
ELINCS | European List of Notified Chemical Substances |
EMEA | European Medicines Evaluation Agency |
E.P. | English patent |
Erg B | German Pharmacopoeia, Supplement (Ergänzungsband zum Deutschen Arzneibuch) |
et al. | et alii = and others |
EV | ester value |
°F | Fahrenheit degrees, see survey table Temperature Transformation |
F Bras | Bras Farmacopéia das Estados Unidas da Brasil |
FCC | Food Chemicals Codex |
FDA | US Food and Drug Administration |
fp | freezing point |
FU | Farmacopeia Ufficiale della Republica Italiana |
G | giga = 109 |
GC | gas chromatography |
GDR | the former German Democratic Republic |
Ger. Offen. (DE) | published unexamined German patent (DE) documentation; document laid open |
GLC | gas liquid chromatography |
GLP | good laboratory practice |
GPC | gel permeation chromatography |
h | hora = hour |
HLB | hydrophilic-lipophilic balance |
HPCE | high performance capillary electrophoresis |
HPLC | high performance liquid chromatography |
i.c. | intracutaneous |
ICH | International Conference on Harmonization |
i.m. | intramuscular |
INCI | International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients |
int. | internus = internal |
i.p. | intraperitoneal |
IP | The Pharmacopoeia of India |
IR | infra-red |
IRS | infra-red spectroscopy |
I.U. | international unit |
i.v. | intravenous |
IV | iodine value |
J | Joule, unit of energy, 1 J = m2 kg/s2 (Nm) |
JCID | Japanese Cosmetic Ingredients Dictionary |
JP | The Pharmacopoeia of Japan |
JPE | Japanese Pharmacopoeia Excipients |
JSCI | Japanese Standard of Cosmetic Ingredients |
°K | Kelvin degrees, SI-unit of temperature, 273.15°K = 0℃ |
kcal | kilocalorie(s), unit of energy, 1 kcal = 4.1868 kJ |
kJ | kiloJoule(s), unit of energy, 1 kJ = 0.239 kcal |
l | liter(s), unit of volume 1 l = 1 dm3 |
loc. cit. | loco citato |
LC | liquid chromatography |
LD50 | lethal dose for 50 % |
LD lo | lowest published lethal dose in literature |
LOD | loss on drying |
M | molar, concentration unit e.g. 3M |
MAC | Maximum Admissible Concentration (drinking water) |
MAK | Maximale Arbeitsplatz-Konzentration |
max. | maximum |
mCi | milliCurie |
µCi | microCurie |
MEL | Maximum Exposure Limits |
meq | milliequivalents/g |
mg% | milligramm percent = mg of dissociated material in 100 g total mass (solvent) |
min | minute(s) |
min. | minimal, minimum |
MITI | Ministry of International Trade and Industry (Japan) |
MLD | minimum lethal dose |
mmHg | millimeter(s) of mercury, unit of pressure, 1 mmHg = 133.322387415 Pa |
Mn | number molecular weight, determined for polymers by osmometry |
mol | mole(s), mass of 6.023∙1023 moles (g) |
molwt | molecular weight |
mp | melting point |
mp* | melting point according to pharmacopoeial 'open capillary method' |
mPa∙s | milliPascal seconds, unit of viscosity, 1 mPa∙s = 1 cP |
MS | mass spectroscopy |
mth | month |
Mw | weight molecular weight, determined for polymers by light scattering or ultracentrifugation |
n. | normal |
n20 | number of members of a statistical collective |
nD | refractive index |
NF | The US National Formulary |
nm | nanomolar |
nm | nanometer(s), unit of length, 1 nm = 10-9 m |
nmol | nanomole(s) = 10-9 mol |
NND | New and Nonofficial Drugs |
NNR | New and Nonofficial Remedies |
NRF | new prescription formulary (Neues Rezept-Formularium) |
NTP | US National Toxicological Program |
NV | neutralization value |
ÖAB | Austrian Pharmacopoeia (Österreichisches Arzneibuch) |
OECD | Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development |
OEL | Occupational Exposure Limits |
OHV | hydroxyl value |
OS | see Ger. Offen. |
OVIs | organic volatile impurities |
O/W | oil-in-water (emulsion) |
P | Poise, 1 P = 0.1 Pa∙s, dynamical viscosity |
P. | granted patent, does not indicate that the patent is still valid at present |
Pa | Pascal, unit of pressure, 1 Pa = m-1 kg s-2 (Nm-2) |
PC | paper chromatography |
PDA | Permitted Daily Exposure (Residual Solvents) |
pH | the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration |
Ph Belg | Pharmacopée Belge |
Ph Dan | Pharmacopoea Danica |
Ph F | Pharmacopoea Fennica |
Ph Franc | Pharmacopoée Française |
Ph Helv | Pharmacopoea Helvetica |
Ph Ned | Pharmacopoea Nederlandica |
Ph Nord | Pharmacopoea Nordica |
Ph Norv | Pharmacopoea Norvegica |
Ph Svec | Pharmacopoea Svecica |
p.i. | post injectionem, infusionem = after injection, infusion |
pM | picomolar |
p.o. | per os = oral |
PON | peroxide number |
ppb | parts per billion |
ppm | parts per million |
prim. | primary |
PV | peroxide value |
RD | Recognised Disclosure numbers of CTFA |
RH | relative humidity |
RhV | Rhodane value |
ROI | residue on ignition |
RPHPLC | reversed phase high pressure liquid chromatography |
s | second(s) |
s.c. | subcutaneous |
SDA | specially denaturated alcohol |
sec. | secondary |
SEM | scanning electron microscope |
sp | solidification point |
SSU | Saybolt universal second |
St. | Stokes, 1 St. = 10−4 m2 s−1, kinematic viscosity |
SV | saponification value |
t | time |
TD lo | lowest published toxic dose in literature |
tert. | tertiary |
TGA | Therapeutic Goods Administration (Australia) |
TLC | thin layer chromatography |
TLV | Threshold Limit Value |
TSCA | Toxic Substances Control Act |
U. | units |
Ung. | unguentum |
USP | The United States Pharmacopoeia |
vol. | volume |
vol-% | volume percent = 1 ml of dissociated material in 100 ml solution |
W/O | water-in-oil (emulsion) |
wt | weight |
